Russia's information aggression before and during the full-scale invasion of Ukraine - identifying elements of change and continuity amongst the Kremlin's disinformation operations vis-à-vis EU's and NATO's courses of action to counter them

Abstract

state conflicts like the Russia's aggression against Ukraine. machine which builds upon USSR's active measures doctrine. The information space is monopolised by Kremlin's official dis domestic audience about the conflict's "justifications"; discredit Ukraine's machine's systematic work. The empirical discussion delves into four nd after Donbas' occupation and Crimea's Kremlin's inability to adapt its playbook to a changing socio landscape and Western states' relatively higher preparedness to respond; the constant reshaping of Putin's inner circle to define regime propaganda's new faces. Therefore, M Atlantic allies' Russian narratives by restricting media outlets' broadcasting, as their response has mainly been reactive (i.e. debunking). Indeed, EU's East StratCom Task Force and NATO's Str Excellence continue to expose Moscow's lies and fact